american black essays

american black essays Midterm Essay #2: Topic #2 Irish and African Americans In the period of vast immigration into the United States and within it, the Irish and African Americans are very closely related in their experiences as immigrants and their experiences during and after their immigration. Their origins, flows, economic incorporation in the United States, settlement and socio-political adaptation was a little different but it had some similarities. Both groups were pushed and pulled out of their native lands by the same type of factors, and the problems that they faced were similar. The Push Pull theory and the Network Theory can explain their experiences as immigrants. The Irish migration to the United States was caused by many factors, but there were a few major ones that caused most Irish citizens to consider the migration to the new world. The Irish came from Ireland to escape many hardships that plagued them. First and foremost was the potato famine that was wide spread throughout Ireland. A fungus ate away most of the potato crop (I, 146) and since most of the economy was based on agriculture and the potato crop was a key product, the economy took a tremendous hit. Widespread unemployment, food shortages ran rampant throughout the country. Also the colonization of Ireland by the English government did not help the situation at all. The government was oppressive and did very little to ease the problems of Ireland during this harsh time. But also outside factors pulled the Irish to come to America. Labor recruiters from the United States ran ad campaigns and sent recruiters to Ireland to get the citizens to pack up and leave for Americ a. They promised steady jobs, high wages and a quality of life that was far superior to that of Irelands (I, 146). So not only were the Irish being pushed out of the country by hardships, but also they were being pulled into America by th...

Aushwitz1 essays

Aushwitz1 essays The Nazis establishes Auschwitz in April 1940, under the orders of Heinrich Himmler. Heinrich Himmler was in charge of two Nazi organizations. The camp at Auschwitz originally housed political prisoners from occupied Poland and various concentration camps from within Germany. Prisoners were transported from all over Nazi-occupied Europe. When the prisoners arrived at the complex they were separated into three groups. One group was sent directly to the gas chamber at Birkenau within a few hours, usually seven. The second group of prisoners was used as slaves to work for industrial factories and companies. At the Auschwitz complex 405,00 prisoners were recorded as laborers between 1940 and 1945. The third group, comprised of mostly twins and dwarfs, under went medical experiments at the hands of doctors, such as Josef Mengeles. Josef Mengels was also known as the Angel of Death. Auschwitz was partly staffed by prisoners, some who were selected as kapos (orderlies). The rest of the staff was Nazi soldiers. In 1943 resistance organizations had developed at Auschwitz. These organizations helped a few prisoners escape. The escaped prisoners took with the news of exterminations, such as the killings of thousands of Jews that were transported from Hungary between May 1944 and July 1944. On January 27 1945 the soviet army marched into Auschwitz to liberate the camp. The soviet army found about 7,600 survivors that were abandoned at the camp. More than 58,000 prisoners were evacuated by the Nazis and sent on a final death march to Germany. The Auschwitz concentration camps were inhumane, treating their prisoners as no such man could imagine. The concentration camps were designed to bring pain and suffering to all prisoners that were forced to stay there, with the final destination of death. ...

7 Habits Of Highly Effective People Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

7 Habits Of Highly Effective People - Assignment Example If you want to understand the other people better, you need to listen to them attentively and without a are other than just speaking all the time. Listening establishes and strengthens the relationship of understanding and makes a world a better place to live in. It is your method of communication that tells people that you are open to sharing, if you are not communicative and do not try to understand others approach, no matter how sincere you are, people will find it difficult to trust you. Empathetic Listening is a key to make people trust you, but it can be very risky sometimes. To listen to people and to relate to them, you have to open yourself up too which makes you vulnerable, but the key rule here is that you cannot influence someone if you are not yourself ready to be influenced. The more you open up, the more you are able to understand people and ultimately you are able to influence them but at the risk of your own security being exposed. Every principle can be applied to everyone, but not in its raw form, you need to customize the rules and principles according to the situation at hand. Only this way you are able to understand a person and his angle of seeing a certain thing, you need to understand the people to help them, advise them and take them out of their miseries. Find the principle that can help them, modify it and then apply it to the situation. Do not just help for the sake of helping or do not just listen and understand for the sake of understanding. If you invest effort, it will improve your personal relationships at basic level and community at large.One first has to develop his or her self to step into shoes of others, the personal strength and character can be built until one have the positive emotional bank account, empathetic listening and the pure desire to help the individuals. Listening is important because it helps you to speak effectively in a tone and with words that people want to listen to yo u. if you adopt the empathetic listening skills then you are able to repeat the words that people use in their conversation, rephrase them to look them more appealing so that your words become effective, finally in your tone you start reflecting the feeling in the same way the other person is perceiving it. This creates a psychological understanding and people are able to comprehend each other’s view exactly they meant it to be.

Integrity from Kings and Carters views Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Integrity from Kings and Carters views - Essay Example The Letter from Birmingham Jail written by Martin Luther King Jr. appears to be the very fabric of Stephen Carter’s three steps to integrity articulated in the book Integrity. Of course, this does not imply that Carter mainly uses King as his guiding principle in formulating his definition of integrity; probably King is one of the many people with genuine integrity that Carter viewed in order for him to establish the three steps to integrity. It is uncertain, nevertheless, if King would agree to Carter’s three steps, particularly the third step. There are problems inherent in Carter’s â€Å"saying openly.† King would generally view or interpret Carter’s integrity based largely from his own life and belief system. Reading King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail, the three steps of integrity expounded by Carter appear to be in harmony with King’s thoughts, actions, and expressions. Of the three categories of integrity, King’s integrity through his letter is justified as articulated in Carter’s third step: â€Å"saying openly that you are acting on your understanding of right from wrong† (Carter 7). Carter admits that the third step is the most difficult part of attaining integrity or an integral life. He argues that the present-day American individual will do everything merely for the sake of social acceptance. Conversely, Carter’s integrity requires a person to say openly on the reason for his or her action, even at the expense of personal interest. This is what King did; he expresses openly to a group of people -- namely, the religious clergymen -- about the reason for his action (i.e., peaceable assembly). ... it deeply before he -- together with his brothers and sisters who are black Americans like himself -- went to the streets in expressing his sentiments concerning the prevalence of racism in the country. By and large, King would view or interpret Carter’s definition of integrity based from his contemplative, active, and writing life. In Carter’s view, on the other hand, King’s thoughts, actions, and sayings fit well to his integrity paradigm. In the first step to integrity, Carter explains that an integral life requires the person’s â€Å"discerning what is right and what is wrong† (7). To discern or think about what is good and what is not is a prerequisite for an integral life. With respect to the first step outlined by Carter, King is a contemplative person. He contemplates on the things or ideas that are relevant to his life as a person in general and as an African American in particular. In his letter, it is apparent that King has made several t hinking concerning the existence of racism characterized in segregation. He has cited many and varied experiences, all of them are ugly, of the black community within the white-dominated society. For one thing, King mentions about the signboards and other displays in the grocery stores that contain an anti-black message. The most touching of the numerous examples presented in the letter is when an African American child asks his father why â€Å"white people treat colored people so mean† (King). King has discerned deeply and even philosophically before he takes his action to the streets. In the second step to integrity, Carter states that a person with integrity has to act based from what he or she has discerned, even at â€Å"personal cost† (7). From King’s letter alone, Carter would say that this man is a man of

Financial Planning and Forecasting Essay Example for Free

Financial Planning and Forecasting Essay We have also provided comprehensive documentation on the templates so that you do not need to guess or figure out how we implemented the models. All our template models are only in black and white color. We believe this is how a professional financial template should look like and also that this is the easiest way for you to understand and use the templates. All the input fields are marked with the ‘*’ symbol for you to identify them easily. Whether you are a financial analyst, investment banker or accounting personnel. Or whether you are a student aspiring to join the finance world or an entrepreneur needing to understand finance, we hope that you will find this package useful as we have spent our best effort and a lot of time in developing them. ConnectCode Pg iii Financial Planning and Forecasting Version 1. 0 1. 1. 1 Financial Planning and Forecasting Pro Forma Financial Statements Financial statements projections and forecasting are very common in corporate financial analysis. The reason is that it is very useful and important to forecast how much financing a company will require in future years. The projections are achieved by using historical sales, accounting data and assumptions on future sales and costs. These financial statements projections are known financial modeling as Pro Forma financial statements. 1. 2 Financial Statements Modeling This spreadsheet provides a template for financial statements forecasting. It requires simple financial statements inputs from the past 5 years and will automatically generate all the necessary Pro Forma Financial Statements projections outputs. The following diagram illustrates the process of using this template for financial statements forecasting.

Ethical Dilemmas Faced by Nurses and Other Healthcare Professionals Ess

The role of ethics in organizational behavior is the underlying factor to the success and longevity of any organization. A set of rules and guidelines focusing on promoting safety, trust, and responsible practice within the workplace must be established internally. Organizations develop code of ethics that center upon the promotion of good. Ethics are vital in developing trusting relationships between employees and administration within. A code of ethics highlights the responsibility and accountability standards of each and every employee within the organization. These codes are also motivating factors that guide the employees’ behavior, set the standard regarding ethical conduct, and build an organizations trustworthiness within their surroundings. (McShane, Gilnow, 2012). The role of ethics in organizational behavior can negatively or positively impact an entire healthcare entity. If employees are educated on the importance of practicing ethically at all times, and the organization as a whole operates unethically displayed values of an organization are then in question. Before employees can begin to practice ethically the organizational foundation of standard must be rooted. Every individual regardless of position should be held accountable for their actions. Healthcare organizations are very influential and play an active role within the community. The decisions of a healthcare organization can easily sway the community’s perspective and damage developed relationships. The community is the heart of any healthcare organization. Consumers come from within the community, and if they seek elsewhere a healthcare organization can falter. Employees may feel better connected to an organization that values and appreciates their... ...are. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Retrieved November 14, 2013. Lin, M. Chuen-Teng, H. Hsien-Hsein, C. Ching-Huey, C. (2012). Exploring ethical aspects of elective surgery patients’decision-making experiences . Nursing Ethics. http://ehis.ebscohost.com.proxy024.nclive.org/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9be8d4ae-586e-4f0b-8ab4-bec5ae12910b%40sessionmgr13&vid=3&hid=115. Retrieved November 17, 2013. McShane, S. Von Glinow. (2013). Organizational Behavior 6th Edition. McGraw Hill. New York, NY. Field, M; Lo, B. (2009). Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice. The National Academies. . Retrieved November 1, 2013.

Globalisation and Cross Cultural Management

Globalization and cross cultural management Case: globalization of health care- shortage of radiologists in the US and demand is twice as large as the rate of graduation. Solution is to send Images over the internet to be interpreted by radiologists in India? In 2004 170,000 triggers visited India for medical treatments and is expected to grow at 15% for the next several years Globalization: The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Globalization of markets: the merging of distinctly separate national markets into a global market place.This includes falling barriers to cross border trade (which have made It easier to sell Internationally), the convergence of global tastes and preferences and the development of standardized products suited to a world market. Difficulties with the globalization of markets generally arise from significant differences among these national markets, country specific marketing strategies and varied product mixes. Globalization of production: refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the world to take advantage of differences In the cost or quality of the factors of production (land, labor, capital).Increasingly companies are taking advantage of modern communications technology, and particularly the Internet, to outsource service activities to low cost producers in other nations. Outsourcing of productive activities to difference suppliers results in the creation of products that are global in nature. Impediments to the globalization tot production include: formal and informal barriers to trade, barriers to FED, transportation costs. Issues associated with economic risk and Issues associated with political risk. Drivers of globalization: Two macro factors seem to underlie the trend toward greater globalization.These Include- * decline In barriers to the free flow of goods, services and capital that has occurred since WWW * technological change Declining trade and Investment barriers: During the sass's and ass, many of the nation states of the world erected formidable barriers to international trade and FED. Advanced industrial nations of the west committed themselves after WWW to removing barriers to the free flow of goods, services and capital between nations. Technology: Lowering of trade barriers made globalization possible; technology has made it a real TTY.Since the end tot 2 the world NAS seen advances in miscommunication, information processing and transportation technology. Advantages of globalization: * Lower prices for goods and services * economic growth stimulation * increase in consumer income * creates Jobs * countries specialist in production of goods and services that are produced most efficiently Disadvantages of globalization: * Destroys manufacturing Jobs in wealthy, advanced countries * Wage rates of unskilled workers in advanced countries declines * companies move to countries with fewer labor and environment regulations * loss of sovereignt y What is culture? Culture is coherent (each fragment of a culture makes sense if you now the whole tapestry of culture), Culture is learned (families, friends, media), Culture is the view of a group of people (nation, religion, clan, family), culture ranks what is important (values) and culture furnishes attitudes and dictates behavior. There are two main elements of culture. These include: on stage or visible elements of culture and back stage or invisible elements of culture. Transactional culture is the culture that develops when cultures meet and have to collaborate (I. E an NC).Model of culture: Artifacts and Products Explicit Onstage-culture Norms and Values Off-stage culture Basic Assumptions Implicit Off stage culture: includes aspects such as the Susie culture where we give everybody a fair go, and the Chinese culture where they have the importance of Guiana in society and not losing face, or in Thai culture where there is a high respect for superiors and harmony/balance. Understanding dimensions and theories of culture part one (Trampers) What is culture? : Culture is acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior.This knowledge forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior. Characteristics tot culture: * Learned * Shared * Trans-generational Symbolic * Patterned * Adaptive A model of culture: Understanding culture: Cultures do not vary in essence (people spend their time trying to solve similar problems) but in their preference for certain solutions. Egg is how to treat a flu (sickness) in a country. Understanding culture is to understand the underlying meanings attached by a given community/group of people to those universal concepts and activities, and to the behaviors they incur.Values in culture: Values are learned from the culture from which the individual is reared. Differences in cultural values may result in varying management practices ND involve the basic convictions that people have abo ut right and wrong, good and bad etc. Value similarities and differences across cultures: 1 . Strong relationship between level of managerial success and personal values 2. Value patterns predict managerial success and can be used in selection/placement decisions 3. Country differences in relationship between values and success; however findings across US, Japan, Australia and India are similar 4.Values of more successful managers favor pragmatic, dynamic, achievement oriented and active role in the interaction with others 5. Values of less successful managers tend toward tactic and passive values; relatively passive roles in interacting with others How culture affects managerial approaches: * Decentralized and Centralized decision making: In some societies, top managers make all important organizational decisions. In others, these decisions are diffused throughout the enterprise, and middle and lower level managers actively participate in, and make, key decisions. Safety Vs. Risk: In some societies, organizational decision makers are risk averse and have great difficulty with conditions of uncertainty. In others, risk taking is encouraged, and decision making under Individual Vs. Group rewards: In some countries, uncertainty is common. Personnel who do outstanding work are given individual rewards in the form of bonuses and commissions. In others, cultural norms require group rewards, and individual rewards are frowned upon. * Informal procedures Vs. formal procedures: In some societies, much is accomplished through informal meaner.In others, formal procedures are set forth and followed rigidly. * High organizational loyalty vs. low organizational loyalty: In some societies, people identity very strongly with their organization or employer. In others, people identify with their occupational roof, such as engineer or mechanic. * Cooperation Vs. Competition: Some societies encourage cooperation between their people while others encourage competition between the ir people. * Short term Vs. Long term horizons: Some cultures focus most heavily on short term horizons, such as short-range goals of profit and efficiency.Others are more interested in long-range goals, such as market share and technological developments. * Stability Vs. Innovation: The culture of some countries encourages stability and resistance to change. The culture of others puts high value on innovation and change. Trampers' Cultural Dimensions: . Universalism Vs. Particulars: Universalism implies that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere. High universalism countries have lots of formal rules and closely adhere to business contracts (egg Canada, US, HECK).Particulars is where the circumstances dictate how ideas/practices apply; high particulars countries often modify contracts (egg China, South Korea) 2. Individualism Vs. Communitarian's: Individualism focuses on people as individuals. Countries with high individualism stress personal and individual manners- they ass ume great personal responsibility (egg Canada, Thailand, US, Japan). Communitarian's is where people regard themselves as part of a group. They value group related issues, committee decisions and Joint responsibility (egg Malaysia). 3.Neutral Vs. Emotional: Neutral is a culture where emotions are not shown and people act stoically and maintain composure (egg Japan and UK). In emotional, emotions are expressed openly and naturally- people smile a lot, talk loudly and greet catheter with enthusiasm (egg Mexico, Netherlands, Switzerland). 4. Specific Vs. Diffuse: Specific is defined as a large public space shared with others and their small private space if guarded closely. High specific cultures the people are open and extroverted, with a strong separation between work and personal life (egg UK and US).For diffuse, public and private spaces are similar size, where the public space is guarded because it is shared with the private space; people are indirect and introverted with their wo rk/ private life being closely linked (egg China, Spain). 5. Achievement Vs. Ascription: Achievement oriented is a status based on how well functions are performed (Austria, US). An ascription function is status based on who or what the person is (China, Indonesia). 6. Time: Sequential is where here is only one activity at a time, appointments are kept strictly and plans are followed as they are laid out (US).Synchronous involves multi tasking and making approximate appointments alongside schedules that are subordinate to relationships (egg France, Mexico). Present Vs. Future: Future more important in Italy, US; Present more important in Venezuela, Indonesia; all three time periods equally important in France and Belgium. 7. The Environment: Inner directed is where people believe in the control of outcomes (US, Greece, Japan) and outer directed is where people believe in letting things take their own course (China,

Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology

Culture plays an important part in one’s life as it relates to the field of psychology. Culture enables one to define him or herself and differ from one to another, and helps one survive. Culture facilitates self-expression, through language, appearance, and behavior. Culture exists everywhere and is a product of one’s environment. The significance of culture and its influence by oneself and others will be explained in this paper. In addition, the role of critical thinking in cross-cultural psychology and the scientific method involved with cross-cultural research will be addressed, and defined.Definition of Cultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology Culture is learned, passed down, from generation to generation and strongly influences individual behavior. It is an existing element in one’s environment, shaped by oneself and many others. Culture either shapes or influences one and is what makes one human. Psychology is the study of human behavior and performance; the refore, it is vital that the cultural and cross-cultural aspects are considered in determining the cause of one’s actions.Behavior is affected by sources both biological and environmental in nature but these do not entirely explain human behavior. There must be an acknowledgement of the social-cultural conditions, in which behavior occurs. Thus, cultural psychology looks to identify the link that between culture and psychology. This recognition allows one to perceive that cognitive operations are variable products occurring between culture and oneself in the kind of environment by which one is surrounded (Segal, Dasen, Berry & Poortinga, 1999). Culture is two-fold, either bringing people together or pulling people apart.This newer discipline of cross-cultural psychology, acknowledges important factors and considers many cultures when defining the actions and behaviors of individuals. Culture should be not confused with society, race, and ethnicity. Though these factors contri bute to individualism, they differ from culture itself. For example, culture is a shared experience within a group and leads to specific behaviors among the group, whereas society is made of people. Cross-cultural psychology uses various approaches to facilitate one’s understanding of how human behavior varies in diverse cultural settings.These include evolutionary, sociological, and ecocultural. The evolutionary approach, for instance, considers biological factors contributing to one’s behavior whereas the ecocultural approach considers that a person cannot be acknowledged without considering one’s environment (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). The Relationship between Cultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology Cultural psychology interfaces with other disciplines, including philosophy, and anthropology. While other disciplines permit a wider perspective, cultural psychology focuses solely on how one’s culture affects his or her behavior and how this connection comes i nto existence.G Cultural psychology is aware that human energy cannot be solely explicated by other factors including one’s genetic predispositions. Instead, cultural psychology sees one’s mind and culture forming a unity that should be not separated when trying to explain behavior. On the other hand, cross-cultural psychology, despite interfacing with other fields such as anthropology and history, prefers to compare various cultures against each other while discovering more about differences and similarities and their effect on humanity.Both disciplines clearly consider the aspects of culture; therefore, their starting points do not differ much. However, they also deviate from each other in that cultural psychology is mostly concerned with understanding the relationship one has with a culture, whereas cross-cultural psychology is mainly interested in the comparison of various cultures (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). The Role of Critical Thinking in Cross-Cultural Psychology W hen used correctly, critical thinking can, and will benefit one in countless ways.Life, just as humanity itself, is very complex and at times, difficult to understand. Being able to go through life with a certain purpose and sense, and being able to understand human nature is not an easy task, often requiring specific knowledge and experience in doing so. Critical thinking provides the necessary tools to enable one to navigate through the fog of life with the determined intent. However, critical thinking is not something one is born with; rather, it is something that needs to be learned and trained.Thinking abstractly, being able to decipher problematic puzzles, coordinating thoughts accurately and intentionally, and being able to communicate succinctly require the use of critical thinking. Thinking critically means asking the right questions and solving problems. If one is unskilled and unqualified using the tools provided by critical thinking, then one most likely is not developin g to his or her fullest. Part of being able to apply critical thinking also means one can learn, and learn even more.Various characteristics describe a critical thinker and are, for instance, the correct use of language, the ability of organizing, and patience when making vital decisions (Hunter, 2009). All these above mentioned factors matter to the field of cross-cultural psychology. For example, language can be at times very tricky and therefore, lead to discrimination. The correct translation is very significant so that one can understand someone else in the way he or she wants to be comprehended. However, interlingual rendition is not easy and translating one word to another does not entirely mean the purpose of the word used is understood correctly.One clearly must know that language can be applied in many ways and can traumatize, be incontrovertible, and inspiring. Another way critical thinking supports cross-cultural psychology is in the research performed by this discipline . Being able to overlook biases, leave out emotions, chose right from wrong, and acknowledge the validity and reliability of research requires critical thinking skills. In addition, critical thinking becomes a necessity whenever a comparison is made of different groups and therefore cultures.These are just few of many examples of how critical thinking helps cross-cultural psychology. Without it, one’s understanding of how culture affects diverse behaviors could become affected leading to wrong impressions (Segal, Dasen, Berry & Poortinga, 1999). Methodology Associated with Cross-Cultural Research Research is very significant to the field of cross-cultural psychology. Without the implementation of research, the subjects appealing to cross-cultural psychology would mainly rely on assumptions. Cross-cultural psychologists are very interested in examining commonalities between cultures.He or she is occupied with how they interact with each other resulting in certain behaviors and psychologists do so by describing, explaining, foretelling, and managing. Doing research means carrying out a scientific investigation and using suitable methods. Cross-cultural psychology uses a research methodology that can be divided further into two subcategories, the quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research, which is done through observation, measures human behavior by utilizing the mode, the median, and the mean (central tendency).In this process, four different scales can be used to measure, which are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Alternatively, qualitative research is preferably done in unconditioned settings, also referred to natural settings. This kind of research method is chosen when measuring variables are impossible to collect, measurement tools are not on hand, and when specific scales cannot be read. Further, there are two different strategies, the application-oriented strategy and the comparativist strategy, from which a researcher can chose when conducting research.In addition, a researcher can also utilize and benefit from various strategies to collect samples such as through convenience, systematic, or random sampling (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). The psychological methods available to a cross-cultural psychologist to investigate are â€Å"observation (naturalistic and laboratory), survey (direct and indirect), experimental studies (independent and dependent variables), content-analysis, psychobiography, meta-analysis, focus-group method† (Shiraev & Levy, 2010, pp. 35-40). When conducting cross-cultural studies, certain obstacles may appear.For instance, language can create additional problems when research is done; therefore, the correct translation is essential. The researcher should be capable of translating a specific method as authentically as possible. In addition, a good researcher should also pay attention when comparing two phenomena (acknowledge similarities) and avoid biases of generalization at all times (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Conclusion Because culture plays such an important part in one’s life, it is crucial to acknowledge it when determining the causes of one’s behavior.Culture is something appearing at all times and is manmade. Clearly, cultural and cross-cultural psychologies are two essential disciplines, which help one comprehend the affect culture has on an individual and his or her environment. Through cultural psychology, one can see the connection between culture, psychology, and therefore, behavior. Existing parallel to cultural psychology, cross-cultural psychology helps one acknowledge the differences and similarities existing between cultures and the affect they have on one’s action. Without it, one will never entirely understand the complex nature of humanity. Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology Culture plays an important part in one’s life as it relates to the field of psychology. Culture enables one to define him or herself and differ from one to another, and helps one survive. Culture facilitates self-expression, through language, appearance, and behavior. Culture exists everywhere and is a product of one’s environment. The significance of culture and its influence by oneself and others will be explained in this paper. In addition, the role of critical thinking in cross-cultural psychology and the scientific method involved with cross-cultural research will be addressed, and defined.Definition of Cultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology Culture is learned, passed down, from generation to generation and strongly influences individual behavior. It is an existing element in one’s environment, shaped by oneself and many others. Culture either shapes or influences one and is what makes one human. Psychology is the study of human behavior and performance; the refore, it is vital that the cultural and cross-cultural aspects are considered in determining the cause of one’s actions.Behavior is affected by sources both biological and environmental in nature but these do not entirely explain human behavior. There must be an acknowledgement of the social-cultural conditions, in which behavior occurs. Thus, cultural psychology looks to identify the link that between culture and psychology. This recognition allows one to perceive that cognitive operations are variable products occurring between culture and oneself in the kind of environment by which one is surrounded (Segal, Dasen, Berry & Poortinga, 1999). Culture is two-fold, either bringing people together or pulling people apart.This newer discipline of cross-cultural psychology, acknowledges important factors and considers many cultures when defining the actions and behaviors of individuals. Culture should be not confused with society, race, and ethnicity. Though these factors contri bute to individualism, they differ from culture itself. For example, culture is a shared experience within a group and leads to specific behaviors among the group, whereas society is made of people. Cross-cultural psychology uses various approaches to facilitate one’s understanding of how human behavior varies in diverse cultural settings.These include evolutionary, sociological, and ecocultural. The evolutionary approach, for instance, considers biological factors contributing to one’s behavior whereas the ecocultural approach considers that a person cannot be acknowledged without considering one’s environment (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). The Relationship between Cultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology Cultural psychology interfaces with other disciplines, including philosophy, and anthropology. While other disciplines permit a wider perspective, cultural psychology focuses solely on how one’s culture affects his or her behavior and how this connection comes i nto existence.G Cultural psychology is aware that human energy cannot be solely explicated by other factors including one’s genetic predispositions. Instead, cultural psychology sees one’s mind and culture forming a unity that should be not separated when trying to explain behavior. On the other hand, cross-cultural psychology, despite interfacing with other fields such as anthropology and history, prefers to compare various cultures against each other while discovering more about differences and similarities and their effect on humanity.Both disciplines clearly consider the aspects of culture; therefore, their starting points do not differ much. However, they also deviate from each other in that cultural psychology is mostly concerned with understanding the relationship one has with a culture, whereas cross-cultural psychology is mainly interested in the comparison of various cultures (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). The Role of Critical Thinking in Cross-Cultural Psychology W hen used correctly, critical thinking can, and will benefit one in countless ways.Life, just as humanity itself, is very complex and at times, difficult to understand. Being able to go through life with a certain purpose and sense, and being able to understand human nature is not an easy task, often requiring specific knowledge and experience in doing so. Critical thinking provides the necessary tools to enable one to navigate through the fog of life with the determined intent. However, critical thinking is not something one is born with; rather, it is something that needs to be learned and trained.Thinking abstractly, being able to decipher problematic puzzles, coordinating thoughts accurately and intentionally, and being able to communicate succinctly require the use of critical thinking. Thinking critically means asking the right questions and solving problems. If one is unskilled and unqualified using the tools provided by critical thinking, then one most likely is not developin g to his or her fullest. Part of being able to apply critical thinking also means one can learn, and learn even more.Various characteristics describe a critical thinker and are, for instance, the correct use of language, the ability of organizing, and patience when making vital decisions (Hunter, 2009). All these above mentioned factors matter to the field of cross-cultural psychology. For example, language can be at times very tricky and therefore, lead to discrimination. The correct translation is very significant so that one can understand someone else in the way he or she wants to be comprehended. However, interlingual rendition is not easy and translating one word to another does not entirely mean the purpose of the word used is understood correctly.One clearly must know that language can be applied in many ways and can traumatize, be incontrovertible, and inspiring. Another way critical thinking supports cross-cultural psychology is in the research performed by this discipline . Being able to overlook biases, leave out emotions, chose right from wrong, and acknowledge the validity and reliability of research requires critical thinking skills. In addition, critical thinking becomes a necessity whenever a comparison is made of different groups and therefore cultures.These are just few of many examples of how critical thinking helps cross-cultural psychology. Without it, one’s understanding of how culture affects diverse behaviors could become affected leading to wrong impressions (Segal, Dasen, Berry & Poortinga, 1999). Methodology Associated with Cross-Cultural Research Research is very significant to the field of cross-cultural psychology. Without the implementation of research, the subjects appealing to cross-cultural psychology would mainly rely on assumptions. Cross-cultural psychologists are very interested in examining commonalities between cultures.He or she is occupied with how they interact with each other resulting in certain behaviors and psychologists do so by describing, explaining, foretelling, and managing. Doing research means carrying out a scientific investigation and using suitable methods. Cross-cultural psychology uses a research methodology that can be divided further into two subcategories, the quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research, which is done through observation, measures human behavior by utilizing the mode, the median, and the mean (central tendency).In this process, four different scales can be used to measure, which are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Alternatively, qualitative research is preferably done in unconditioned settings, also referred to natural settings. This kind of research method is chosen when measuring variables are impossible to collect, measurement tools are not on hand, and when specific scales cannot be read. Further, there are two different strategies, the application-oriented strategy and the comparativist strategy, from which a researcher can chose when conducting research.In addition, a researcher can also utilize and benefit from various strategies to collect samples such as through convenience, systematic, or random sampling (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). The psychological methods available to a cross-cultural psychologist to investigate are â€Å"observation (naturalistic and laboratory), survey (direct and indirect), experimental studies (independent and dependent variables), content-analysis, psychobiography, meta-analysis, focus-group method† (Shiraev & Levy, 2010, pp. 35-40). When conducting cross-cultural studies, certain obstacles may appear.For instance, language can create additional problems when research is done; therefore, the correct translation is essential. The researcher should be capable of translating a specific method as authentically as possible. In addition, a good researcher should also pay attention when comparing two phenomena (acknowledge similarities) and avoid biases of generalization at all times (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Conclusion Because culture plays such an important part in one’s life, it is crucial to acknowledge it when determining the causes of one’s behavior.Culture is something appearing at all times and is manmade. Clearly, cultural and cross-cultural psychologies are two essential disciplines, which help one comprehend the affect culture has on an individual and his or her environment. Through cultural psychology, one can see the connection between culture, psychology, and therefore, behavior. Existing parallel to cultural psychology, cross-cultural psychology helps one acknowledge the differences and similarities existing between cultures and the affect they have on one’s action. Without it, one will never entirely understand the complex nature of humanity.

ESL Lesson for Creating a New Product

ESL Lesson for Creating a New Product Nowadays, its common to talk about products, their functionality and marketing. In this lesson, students come up with a product idea, mock-up a design for the product and present a marketing strategy. Each student owns a step of the process in the final presentation to the class. Combine this lesson with a lesson on pitching a product and students can practice the essential elements of finding investors.   Aim: Learning vocabulary related to product development, developing team player skills Activity: Develop, design and market a new product Level: Intermediate to advanced level learners Lesson Outline Bring one of your favorite innovative products into class. Ask questions using the vocabulary terms provided in the product vocabulary reference. Give examples for your questions such as: What functionality does this phone have? - You can surf the internet, send email, and download apps. to help students with understanding.Once youve reviewed vocabulary as a class, ask students to provide their own examples of innovative products.  Provide the vocabulary reference and ask students to write five sentence describing a product they like.Have students divide into small groups - three to six students is best.  Ask each group to come up with a new product. They can either invent a new product, or create a variation on a product they know.  Have students answer the worksheet questions about their new product.With the worksheet answered, students should move on to developing a plan for building, designing and marketing their product. Students who feel more comfortable with drawing can design, and business orientated students can take on marketing.   Help students by checking grammar descriptions, asking probing questions about the functionality, logistics of production and marketing, etc.  Students complete the project by giving a presentation to the class. The inventor should provide a product overview, the designer provide a sketch of the product, and the marketer an advertising strategy.  Vote on the best product as a class.   Vocabulary Reference Use these words to discuss, develop and design a new product. functionality (noun) - Functionality describes the purpose of the product. In other words, what does the product do?innovative (adjective) - Products that are innovative are new in some way.aesthetic (noun) - The aesthetics of a product refer to the values (artistic as well as functional)intuitive (adjective) - An intuitive product is self-explanatory. Its easy to know how to use it without having to read a manual.thorough (adjective) - A thorough product is a product that is excellent in every way and well designed.branding (noun) - The branding of a product refers to how a product will be marketed to the public.packaging (noun) - The packaging refers to the container in which the product is sold to the public.marketing (noun) - Marketing refers to how a product will be presented to the public.logo (noun) - The symbol used to identify a product or company.feature (noun) - A feature is a benefit or use of a product.warranty (noun) - The warranty is a guarantee that the product will w ork for a certain period of time. If not, the customer will receive a refund or replacement.component (noun) - A component can be thought of as a part of a product.accessory (noun) - An accessory is something extra that can be bought in order to add functinality to a product.materials (noun) - The materials refer to what a product is made of such as metal, wood, plastic, etc.   Computer Related Products specifications (noun) - The specifications of a product refers to size, construction and materials used.   dimensions (noun) - The size of a product.weight (noun) -  How much something weighs.width (noun) - How wide something is.depth (noun) -  How deep a product is.length (noun) - How long something is.height (noun) - How tall a product is. When developing computer-related products the following specifications are important: display (noun) - The screen used.type (noun) - The type of technology used in a display.size (noun) - How big the display is.resolution (noun) -  How many pixels the display shows. platform (noun) - The type of software / hardware a product uses.OS (noun) - The operating system such as Android or Windows.chipset (noun) - The type of computer chip used.CPU (noun) - Central processing unit - The brain of the product.GPU (noun) - Graphic processing unit - The brain used to display videos, pictures, etc.   memory (noun) - How many gigabytes the product can store.   camera (noun) - The type of camera used to make videos and take photos.   comms (noun) - The different types of communications protocols used such as Bluetooth or WiFi. New Product Questions Answer these questions to help you develop your product.   What functionality does your product provide? Who will use your product? Why will they use it? What problems can your product solve? What advantages does your product present? Why is your product superior to other products? What are the dimensions of your product? How much will your product cost?

Italian Phrases for Staying at a Hotel in Italy

Italian Phrases for Staying at a Hotel in Italy When you visit Italy, there are a variety of options for accommodation. If you’re looking for something that’s more standard, a hotel room might be the best fit for you. But if you want a more authentic experience, you could choose to stay in a hostel, rent a room in someone’s home, book an entire apartment for yourself, or stay in something more unique like an . No matter what you choose, you’re going to need  phrases  along with important vocabulary. Phrases C’à ¨ qualcosa di pià ¹ economico? - Is there anything cheaper?Il prezzo include la colazione? - Does the price include breakfast?Qual à ¨ la password per il WiFi? - What is the WiFi password?Ho perso la chiave. - I lost my key.Mi sono chiuso/a fuori dalla camera. - I’m locked out of my room.La luce non funziona. - The light isn’t working.Non c’à ¨ acqua calda. - There is no hot water.La camera à ¨ troppo (fredda). - The room is too (cold).Mi d la ricevuta, per favore? - Can you give me a receipt, please?Possiamo lasciare i bagagli fino alle (due)? - Can we leave our bags here until (2PM)?Mi puà ² procurare un taxi per andare all’aeroporto, per favore? - Can you organize a taxi for going to the airport, please?Avete...? - Do you have...? Vocabulary L’Internet - InternetLa cucina - KitchenLa lavanderia - LaundryIl telefono - TelephoneGli asciugamani - TowelsIl sapone - SoapLa carta igienica - Toilet paperUn’altra coperta - Another blanketLe lenzuola pulite - Clean sheetsLa TV - TelevisionIl telecomando - RemoteLa piscina - PoolL’aria condizionata - Air conditioningIl servizio in camera - Room serviceFare check-in - To check inFare check-out - To check outPrenotare - To bookLa camera - RoomLa camera doppia - Double roomIl letto matrimoniale - Double bedIl passaporto - PassportIl piano - FloorLe valigie - Suitcases / baggageGli ospiti - Guests Tip: It’s more likely that you’ll hear â€Å"i documenti - documents† instead of â€Å"il passaporto - passport.† Dialogue You: Buongiorno, abbiamo prenotato una camera doppia per stanotte. - Hello, we booked a double room for tonight.Clerk: Il suo nome, prego? - Your name, please?You: Giulia Mazzini.Clerk: Per due notti, vero? - For two nights, right?You: Sà ¬. - Yes.Clerk: Il totale à ¨ settantacinque euro. - The total is 75 euro.You: Possiamo pagare con la carta di credito? - Can we pay by credit card?Clerk: Sà ¬, certo. Posso vedere i vostri passaporti? - Yes, absolutely. Can I see your passports?You: Sà ¬, ecco. - Yes. Here they are.Clerk: Ecco la chiave, la vostra camera à ¨ la numero 215 al secondo piano. - Here is the key, your room number is (215) on the (2nd) floor.You: A che ora (si deve)/dobbiamo lasciare libera la camera? - What time is check-out?Clerk: Alle 11. - At 11 am.You: Grazie! - Thanks!Clerk: Potete usare l’ascensore là ¬ in fondo. - You (all) can use the elevator there at the end (of the hall). Phrases for an Apartment If you book privately, the landlord may request that you send a â€Å"bonifico - deposit† via wire transfer. In order to do this, collect the IBAN number (cod IBAN) and the BIC number (cod BIC). The â€Å"bonifico† may be anywhere between 30-50% of the price. Finally, tourist season is April - October, so if you plan on visiting during that time, particularly in a more populated area, like Firenze, be sure to book 6-7 months in advance. Come funziona la lavatrice? - How does the washer work?C’à ¨ un ferro da stiro? - Is there an iron?Il gas à ¨ aperto? - Is the gas on? Tip: You’ll need to know how to ask about the gas because you won’t be able to cook using the stove unless the gas switch is open or turned on.

The Managerial Venture and Successful Marketplace Case Study

The Managerial Venture and Successful Marketplace - Case Study Example Final considerations are related to the company’s capacity to assess a best practice to cope with the ethical standard, with an eye on the success stories within major knowledge-intensive industries, together with a primary analysis of the macroeconomic conditions in an industrial perspective as well. This work is based on considerations and evaluations for a business emerging in the United States, that aims at developing a comprehensive software in order for a small enterprise to enter the gambling market on an accurate and feasible way. A family run- small business is, therefore, analyzing on a strategic, financial and regulatory perspective the major elements and factors that may impede the business growth, together with a comprehensive evaluation of the intrinsic characteristics of the business that is being designed in this sense. Major focus will then be dedicated to the business capacity to meet all the existing regulations and recommendations that govern the industry in which the software is expected to operate, while on the other side major elements that may impair the software spread will be also related to the managerial ability to cope with internal regulations and with Ethic practices. A comprehensive and integral evaluation of this case will, therefore, cover the business impact of stakeholders, the international code of ethics characteristics, the ethical framework together with a final individual opinion in this sense. The development of this business requires a preliminary accurate and extensive understanding of all the possible stakeholders that are considered for the analysis of a business and ethical perspective: A major preliminary stakeholder is a government. The capacity to cope with all the ongoing regulations and laws governing the gambling business is in this sense a proof of its importance in this field.

Inventory Planning and Control Systems Research Paper

Inventory Planning and Control Systems - Research Paper Example Supported with an example of the sugar industry, the report further emphasizes on the disadvantages of inventory mismanagement. Listing the problems related to inventory control encountered by the management the report further identifies the solutions required to solve them. The report contains valuable information regarding efficiencies that exist in a firm due to proper inventory planning and control. It also emphasizes on the impact inventory planning and control has on the competitiveness of a firm and how the competitiveness results into increased profitability. The report summarizes the critical importance of inventory planning and control for a firm to survive in an industry and the fierce competition. An inventory can be defined as a list of goods which are either finished, in form of raw material, in process or just simply as stock in hand. Inventory is also usually referred to as the list which contains all the information regarding the operation management of an organizati on. In detail, an inventory includes the amount of raw material available and the amount required to be ordered, finished goods ready to be delivered to the customers, goods stocked in the warehouse and even the half finished goods that require space to be stored before they move on to the next phase of the production process. Besides exceptional cases such as of those firms in the services industries; inventories are considered to be a firm’s major revenue producer. Reasons for holding inventory Inventory is basically the most critical component of a production process and it exists in an organization just so that the firm is able to respond to requirements in relation with forecasted demand. The need for inventory can arise in situations where the product has uncertain demand and the producers are not particularly sure about the amount they should produce (Broyles, 2003, p.389). They therefore resort to inventory tactics such as producing in excess of the estimate forecaste d. In some industries there is even a percentage of uncertainty regarding the availability of raw material. For example the sugar industry is plagued with the uncertainty attached to sugar cane because floods may sometimes ruin the crop. Furthermore, lack of rain and lack of fertility of a land leads to low levels of sucrose extracted